Schoemann

26/09/202624/09/2026

Cultural Identities

The cultural identity of a cross-border region, like Tyrol, is subject to influences from several nation states. Historical developments have led to creation and reshaping of (internal) borders repeatedly. The exhibition in the “Museum of European Cultures” traces the many links the region and culture of Tyrol has to Austria, Italy and Bavaria, Germany. Specific crafts and designs of furniture (see below) or folk fashion have played a considerable role in the making and survival of Tyrol and its cultural identity despite globalization. Tourism has become the major source of revenue. The challenges of climate change, increase in transport across the Alps and over-tourism are hard to reconcile in this hot spot of the confrontation of traditional and modern values. The idyllic panorama of “Der Wilde Kaiser” appears frequently in cinema and photographs about the region. For some, such images may become a kind of second home or escape route. Literature on the region or dealing with the region complements the reflections about cultural identity or identities.

25/09/202624/09/2026

Gone Home

There are at least 2 perspectives on going home. For the person away from home, it could be understood in the sense of returning home. For the community still living at a place associated or idealised as home, it is often interpreted as a home coming. In view of the powerful global social trend of urbanization, many people associate with “going home” as if migrated persons from rural areas would return home to the countryside, maybe just for a short visit. However, a home is to be interpreted much larger than just being a place, a location or a regional idiosyncratic feature, like the sea, the river, the banks or mountains. You might go home to a familiar sounding dialect or language. For some it is the idea of freedom or liberal values which they have moved to, that became their home. For others it might just be the possibility to practice a rather unique sport, which determines where they would feel at home. Home could just be a “state of mind” rather than a location.

24/09/202623/09/2026

Gone gliding

Nowadays gliding in form of hang gliding is a leisurely experience within the reach of almost everyone. The human dream of flying, however, has been shattered by the Icarus narrative, humans aiming too high and too close to the sun. More realistic first experiments were undertaken by Otto Lilienthal, who pioneered the first human built and steered glider based on an innovative concept of the wing at its basis. Aerodynamic construction of the wing with a rounded shape allows air to flow faster on top than below the wing, which lifts the wing and glider upwards. His tragic fatal accident on one of his gliding experiments has been wrongly attributed to a construction default, but recent research has shown that it was most likely due to bad weather conditions on that particular day (Link Radio3). According to Markus Raffel, Otto Lilienthal was a broadly educated and practicing polymath in addition to his gliding innovations

23/09/202622/09/2026

Presentation of thought

The introduction of the Venice exhibition catalog summarizes the artistic approach by Joseph Kosuth as a form of presentation of thought. The title of the exhibition “The-exchange-value-of-language-has-fallen-to-zero” is a provocative critic of the use of language. The experience of AI’s use of language as data points and machine-human interface in form of chatbots makes any topic related to language even more interesting. The embeddedness of language and the context of content become intelligible through visualization(s). We owe to Kosuth the view that the modus operandi of art is to raise questions and enter into meaningful debates with people. Site-specific installations and the uniqueness of the conceptual idea distinguish his works of art. Language and image enter into a kind of symbiosis embedded into a local context. This is taking Wittgenstein’s philosophy seriously.

22/09/202621/09/2026

Images about facts

The philosophical writings of Ludwig Wittgenstein are a bit sturdy and and rather complex. 100 years after the first publication we realize that the meticulous order of the “Tractatus logico-philosophicus” follows a logical order of top-down and horizontal lines, which almost resemble algorithmic thinking. In section (1) he defines the smallest unit of analysis, a case, and (2) the existence of settings, which constitute such cases with almost mathematical precision. Already in 2.1 he states “we construct images out of facts” (own translations). In a kind of inductive approach we tend to generalize based on (single) cases or realizations in form of an image of facts. At the same time we have to be aware that an image makes a statement about the relationship of objects contained in the image. But it is just one possible option out of a whole group of potential relationships. Based on this reasoning a true as well as false realization of facts are possible.
In the 21^st century the technological possibilities have grown rather exponentially (use of AI) allowing to give false testimony of facts and relationships of objects to each other. Wittgenstein challenges my own versions and daily combinations of text and images as approaches towards reality. (Image: excerpt from Ludwig Wittgenstein Tractatus logico-philosophicus, p. 14 edition suhrkamp)

21/09/202620/09/2026

70s revival

Brussels celebrates each year the “Car free Sunday” as final part of the mobility week. On 2026-9-20 this event coincides with the very high oil prices again. Just like in the oil crises of the 70s in 1973 and 1979 saving energy for mobility and transport is high on the political agenda in many countries. Just think of the benefits of such events. Less consumption will reduce “greed-flation” and upward pressure on prices. Pollution levels of fine particles and noise are drastically reduced. Children feel safe while riding their bicycles, scooters or skateboards. Parents are no longer on permanent alert due to the risk of accidents. For those who remember or lived during the 70s, they might have a “déjà vue” experience and enjoy a revival of the 70s. The roller skates are up for a revival as well.

20/09/202619/09/2026

News impact democracy

The reporting on news in the media can be highly influential on election outcomes and therefore democracy. Bias in coverage of news arises from mainly 2 sources: (1) topics covered as opposed to the ones neglected, (2) the framing of the news which fit into a broader political narrative. A robust scientific analysis of the topic is difficult as the amount of data (articles, headlines, appearances) can be rather large. The paper by Haider et al. (2026) accomplished a major step forward through the systematic treatment of “selection bias” in news coverage. Related to news coverage, selection bias has both a statistical as well as a substantive meaning. The substantive finding of selection bias refers to the fact that the print media studied tend to prefer “horse race stories to policy issues” in upcoming elections, i. e. the focus on opposing candidates rather than the underlying policy choices. The negativity bias in reporting remains another constant in media research.

19/09/202618/09/2026

Rural urban interrelationship

Cities are no isolated microcosms. They rely on being delivered a huge range of products. Cities have been markets, hubs or platforms for exchange with their surroundings, neighboring communities as well as distant ones. Historically, quite many cities have built walls to limit access and strictly regulated access. In the 21st century with low levels of fertility, the demographic pressure to leave the countryside for jobs is less pressing, but many regions face the shrinkage of the countryside’s population. The interrelationship between the urban centers and the rural surroundings has to be studied and addressed due to the far-reaching consequences for both. Transportation into cities needs public infrastructure which can handle the necessary flows and exchanges of people and products. For too many decades we have focused on an either/or cleavage of an apparent dichotomy of urban versus rural. It is about time to correct this bias and take the rural-urban interdependence more systematically into account.

18/09/202617/09/2026

Stress in the City

Before the stress in the city makes you sick, try new coping strategies. Of course, you cannot avoid the stress of hotspots like busy crossings or noisy construction sites. And these are only the visible stressors not to mention fine dust particles or mixtures of fragrances. Scientists have started to address these issues under the title of neuro-urbanism. This topic is part of a broader agenda on public mental health which addresses the rise in mental disorders globally. Expanding urbanization is considered a major driver of an often overwhelming cognitive load in cities. Growing into it helps, but many move to cities for professional reasons or simply a job being largely unprepared to the practice of daily commuting for years. Several potential stressors tend to cumulate: High Social density, broad diversity in aesthetics as well as social structure, relationships, social participation or public transport as part of mobility make cities interesting or hard to cope with.

17/09/202616/09/2026

Emotional paradox

Democracies face an intrinsic paradox. High aspirations before inauguration, rising negative emotions during polarizing democratic periods and high positive emotions towards democracy after the loss of major components of it. However, This constitutes a working hypothesis in need of further research of its historical validity. Some active defendants of democracy have organized already sessions to speak about emotions in democracy. On the occasion of the International Day of Democracy a local initiative in Berlin (Mutwerk) took up this topic and brought together representatives of many local initiatives to foster the wealth of positive emotions due to democratic rule in southern Berlin. (Image: Public library Berlin Steglitz democracy day 2026-9-14)

Public library Berlin Steglitz democracy day 2026

16/09/202615/09/2026

Emotions in Politics

Rage or even hate count among the high emotional states in psychology. The presence in politics of these more extreme emotional states has been on the rise since the times of Covid-19 due to the necessary restrictions of the fundamental right of free mobility. A cost of living crisis might lead to similar emotional states as “Angst” about homes, commuting and heating put many people in existential crises. The rise of extreme right parties has gained on the basis of this basic social mechanism using hate speech and a continued rage as driving force. Established political parties across Europe and the Americas have been very slow to react to this. Just providing accurate information and correcting fake news is not enough. More emotions are called upon to counter such aggressive strategies used by political opponents, unfortunately. In the podcast “The 2^nd thought” (Der zweite Gedanke in German!) Natscha Freundel together with Justus Bender and Heike Klüver we learn that an emotional response to rise of the extreme right is asked for. It is interesting to witness that 144 years after “Die fröhliche Wissenschaft” we still have not learned the lesson from Book 1 entry 38 by Friedrich Nietzsche: “with reason alone, thou shalt not convince those explosive minds” (own interpretative translation).

15/09/202614/09/2026

Taking positions

In the arts, positions are taken through the choice of topics, materials, an own perspective or approach. For the young artists, taking a position is quite a defining moment, usually after experimenting with several ones before. That point of view is probably a bit biased by a galerist’s perspective or when studying the market of art. Related to the Berlin Art Week, the Positions Berlin Art Fair offers an interesting overview of what is on the market. The section entitled Academy gives space and attention to young entrants into the art market.
The exchange of artists with the audience allows to understand in more detail what position is taken, how it is taken and worked out in detail. The backgrounds of artists are quite broad compared to other metropolitan Art Fairs in this start-up atmosphere at the Hangar 5+6 of former Tempelhof Airport in Berlin. If we look at other perspectives, we shall not only get inspired, but we shall most likely question our own position(s) as well. Great learning experiences for all.

14/09/202614/09/2026

Culture goes Europe

Culture has always travelled Europe. Not only the very famous artists have travelled themselves or their art has travelled, but students of art have joined masters in other countries to learn or become inspired. There are, of cause, some artists who paint themselves in their home and do not care much about the world around them. This is fine, too. The Berlin Art Week has taken a refreshing pro-European perspective in the talk entitled “Empowering Europe”. Culture can build many sustainable bridges across borders, which often start with language acquisition (Gitte Zschoch). Foundations assist with funding (Stephan Muschick). Curators initiate cooperations and lending across borders to challenge traditional cultures and practices (Anda Rottenberg). And the media ensure a wide distribution of cultural information and organise a society-wide discourse (Elke Buhr) about cultural diversity, heritage and innovation. All this is needed to avoid a self-referential cultural perspective of the MAGA-type in Europe. This is not a nice-to-have, but an essential part of the European power of resilience.

13/09/202611/09/2026

Human gravity

Long before the establishment of Newton’s theory of gravity, humans have been fascinated by gravity. Elevation from earth, after all, has figured prominently in religious imagery. Mankind’s dream to fly has become so popular that it contributes substantially to ruin the blue planet. Defying gravity as much as feeling the amplified force of it have become a continuous challenge. In sports we adore the bouncing on a trampoline and classical dance derives a lot of its charm from the suspended moments in air. Beware the landing and get accompanied in your first steps.
Modern Dance is equally creative in the challenge to defy human gravity. Trisha Brown (1971) suspended dancers horizontally so that they could walk in space at least along fixed lines and perpendicular to the surface. The physics of our body change in this bird-like position. Dancing in equilibrium on a horizontally suspended line leaves the audience amazed. The spectacular setting and performance at the “Neue Nationalgalerie” transforms the architecture again into a playing ground for choreographers. Suspension from human gravity is hard work, beyond “¾ Walzer” rhythm and, of course, it takes 2 to tango to feel the suspension.

12/09/202611/09/2026

Glass wall

A glass wall remains a wall even if it is transparent. The glass and steel construction of the Neue Nationalgalerie by Mies van der Rohe has large windows which allow light to flow into the building and create an illusion of transparency as well as openness. However, for most exhibitions “paywalls” are erected to limit access. The Cattelan installation in the gallery erected another light barrier before the official opening in form of the ribbon barring entrance. For those who had experienced the real wall in front of or behind the Brandenburger Tor”, a certain allergy against walls is probably a leftover from those days or years. Hence, Klaus Biesenbach and Maurizio Cattelan tear that wall down!
Thanks go to the Volkswagen Group “Art-4-All” sponsorship which allows free entry on Thursday evenings already. Public-private partnerships are way forward and “Mäzene” can accompany such journeys in multiple ways.

11/09/202610/09/2026

Modern Cathedral

For a long time we have argued here that museums are the cathedrals of modernity. Maurizio Cattelan has taken this claim literally. In a bit of a cheeky way, he turned the “Neue Nationalgalerie” into a cathedral of German modernity. Who are the Gods then? Our cultural heritage comprises beyond our German language classics, the novel “Die Blechtrommel” by praised and then disgraced Günter Grass. The figure serves as the “campanile” sitting above the entry. Well, the small scale “Brandenburger Tor” serves as the entry portal into a wide open space, with past pieces of adoration in a transfigured sense. This modern cathedral holds pieces of art similar to small chapels in a cathedral dealing or inviting to remember historic events or eminent persons. The modern aspect consists in its temporality. The show must not go on forever. Like surrounding every cathedral, lots of immortalised pigeons accompany our visit, just sitting around. There is no longer just one “holy spirit” or “peace dove” but so many. Welcome to the temporary modern cathedral in Berlin.

10/09/202609/09/2026

VCs shun SA

Venture Capitalists have an eye on long-term safety of investments. Political upheavals, unrest or instability can deter investments as much as risks to the safety of the workforce. The abbreviation “SA” in Germany has at least 2 meanings. (1) Historically, it refers to the “Sturmabteilung”, which was important in the rise of the Fascist movement and Nazi-terror in the 1920s, 1930s. Foreign investors were right to shun away from investments during the rise of the Fascists in Germany as a total loss of the investment was to be expected. (2) In 2026-8 the abbreviation “SA” in Germany stands also for “Saxony-Anhalt”, one of the Federal States of Eastern Germany, formerly the GDR between 1949-1990.
The “Wallstreet Journal”, which is read by many international investors showed on its title page of WSJ 2026-9-7 a report by Bertrand Benoit on the disastrous election in Saxony-Anhalt giving the extreme right-wing party AfD close to an absolute majority of votes. The abandoned investment by Intel into a chip-production near the capital of SA, Magdeburg, has been in retrospect a rather wise investment decision. The internationality of the employees, who build and operate such plants, might have contributed to them feeling rather unsafe in a hostile environment towards foreign workers.

09/09/202608/09/2026

Heat Health Protection

The heat waves of 2026 had serious health impacts in Europe and beyond. Hence, it is urgent to propose better protections to shield people from negative heat exposure which worsened the health of millions of people. Digital tools which work to personalize heat warnings and increase preventive strategies like drinking water or reduce physical activity outside during the hottest times of the day. Sounds simple, but thousands of people continue to put themselves at risk to suffer seriously from heat exposure. The macro-level general population warning’s could be much more specific if they included additionally the relevant medical conditions of an individual (Du et al. 2026). Prior health conditions affect the general preparedness to cope with heat. We have an obvious case of bi-directional causality. A worsening heat health spiral could be at the origin of so many premature deaths during heat waves. Search for “cool locations” should be considered very seriously for heat-health protection.

08/09/202607/09/2026

Notre-Dame Organ

Paris, particularly Notre-Dame de Paris, is a great place to listen to pipe organs. It just needs a little preparation to find out time and place of a concerts. There are actually surprisingly many. At times of official services you might also get an impression of the capacity of organs and organists knowing how to make the pipes sound from soft, melodic to broad, majestic, even overwhelming. In Notre-Dame de Paris the original organ was built by Aristide Cavaillé-Coll and accomplished in 1868. An “electric blower” (1924) certainly enhanced and prolonged the sound capacities of the already rich orchestration features. Despite the electric enhancement the mechanics remain the primary features of the sound of pipe organs. Olivier Latry at Notre-Dame manages to the audiences into the 21st century’s sound spectrum based on traditional, but adapted variations of classical compositions. Bringing in new talent, like at the “Konzerthaus“, will guarantee that future generations can still enjoy the many worlds of sound that organs open up for us. Short sound impression Notre-Dame de Paris organ play 2026-8.

07/09/202607/09/2026

Notre-Dame de Paris Visit

We are used to pay for visits of historic monuments. For a family with 2 children 15+ years old, 40 € is to be expected. Historic Places of Worship which still serve as such, mostly refrain from such commercialization. Notre-Dame de Paris is proud to state that they have been doing so for 860 years. After the fire, the reconstruction was expensive and it could be considered a fair deal if tourists pay for visits. The visit by Pope Leo 14 in 2026-9 and television coverage could also contribute quite significantly to the maintenance of the cathedral. The orchestration of such a visit as if a pop-star was staying in Paris in a splendid location attracts huge crowds, most of them with a certain willingness to pay for participation (maybe as donation, tax refundable). The choice to keep the place accessible to all underscores the prominent place the cathedral can play as a meeting point of many visitors with different or no religious beliefs. The role to unite various Christian beliefs and practices was remarkable in 2026-8 and a message to the upcoming visit by Pope Leo XIV who shares this vision and efforts.

06/09/202604/09/2026

Gothic Paris

At the “Conciergerie” in Paris you can really and virtually dive into the early medieval period. The royal meeting room and the huge kitchen with 4 impressive stoves brings to life what a royal feast had been like. A guide with virtual reality adds to the lively experience of history of French royalty. Some might like the later functions of some rooms in the annex, where prisoners of the “Palais de justice” where held. During the French Revolution even a Member of the Royal family was imprisoned and later executed there. A long evolution of historical facts is captured in a relatively small space. The weight and violence of history is an almost overwhelming experience there. The modern lighting is definitely more healthy and the smell of cooking next door is also just happening in our imagination or the animation on the tablet.

05/09/202604/09/2026

Swimming Paris

Swimmingpools are rarely on the to-do-list of tourists in Paris. This is good news for all those who go to a Swimmingpool for real exercise. In Paris you can enjoy the almost a century old public pool for swimming exercises with 50m lengths. In the entry hall you have literally a hundred doors where you change and, previously, you kept your clothes while swimming. Light by design welcomes you to do something good for you, physically and mentally. The “Piscine Blomet” (Paris 15th arrondisement) preserves a bit of the charm of the early 1930s Art-deco style in Paris. Sports deserved to be performed and exercised in fine architecture not just functional concrete. It is quite a challenge to preserve such architectural treasures including their original function. It is not all just business and tourism in Paris.

04/09/202603/09/2026

Healthy intervention

The shift back from a city which favors mobility on wheels to a city where more people move using on their feet is healthy intervention. Paris has succeeded in many inner city areas to improve the „walkability“. On Sundays joggers pass in groups where previously cars were rushing across the city. Noise levels and pollution have been reduced which attracts even more tourists. Many more than the city could handle with too much space occupied by cars and trucks. Security levels are increased by restrictions to car access to some roads and people feel safe and relaxed even in the city center of a metropolitan city. Besides the effect that more tourists come to enjoy this atmosphere, those living and working in Paris feel less forced to leave the city over weekends due to unhealthy pollution levels. Access from suburbs by public transport runs at high frequencies also on weekends. This brings people into the center for events, shopping and event shopping.

03/09/202603/09/2026

Paris Room with a view

The home of Victor Hugo in Paris offers a splendid view of the Place des Vosges. The image taken from the 1st floor of the building and his living room allows to see a bit like what Hugo saw every day for some time. A small park, probably a lively street with arcades full of shops and people. Lots of inspiration and observation which may come from actual life. The actual time of writing, however, needs also retreat from the busy daily surroundings to focus one’s mind. All this hasn’t changed since Hugo lived in Paris at this address. Writer in residence programs of today allow authors to focus on their work beyond daily tasks. Cultural advances heavily rely on such programs nowadays to be able to have at least temporarily “A room with a view”.

02/09/202601/09/2026

Fleeting memories

Our memory function is challenged once we travel. There are so many new impressions that ask for prime time in memory, but our capacities to safely store every detail of it is rather limited. On his voluntary travels, less when going into exile, Victor Hugo drew places with astonishing architectural detail and made literary descriptions on the back of the copy. The ruins of a gothic church in Bacharach (Germany) on the banks of the Rhine are a great example of his attempts to beat the fleeting memory. The ink and graphite pencil drawing date back to 1840. The imagery of the abandoned church, itself rich in memories of conflict by way of drawing details inscribes deeply into his own memory. A description in words on the back of this piece reinforces this effect beyond the mental exercise of precision versus dramatic blurriness. Repeating this exercise months later would reveal our fleeting memories when traveling. A great technique which is still valuable 186 years later.

01/09/202631/08/2026

Hugo voyage

Victor Hugo traveled for inspiration to neighboring countries. He has been attracted to o mysterious places and its people. In his booklets of such inspirational journeys he drew images of several architecturally interesting places. “Burg” meaning castle was a recurrent subject trying to capture the mysteries about such medieval places and their surroundings. The rivers “Rhein”,”Nahe” and “Mosel” in Germany were a great source of inspiration for him. The images drawn of “Burg Eltz” as well as others (Andernach from 1840, image below left) testify to this. The Home of Victor Hugo in Paris, Place des Vosges features in 2026-8 his drawings which seem to have served him as studies in architecture and sometimes as idea of maybe a scenery for his theatre pieces. Of course, his drawings of cathedrals similar to “Notre Dame” in Paris are also among those ink sketches. To get scared a bit, traveling might suffice and then write it down and sketch it. Franco-German influences can be found in many European artists of the 19th century as well as today.

31/08/202630/08/2026

Gone sailing

There are numerous ways to spend a nice vacation and take off your mind from daily routines. Sailing is certainly one of those leisure activities which ask for full concentration. Steady winds are more the exception than the rule and the skipper is asked to adapt rapidly to changing wind directions and other conditions. Waves and other sailing boats may of course ask you additionally to adapt your course to unforeseen circumstances. All this is a great training to keep on track even in stormy weather conditions around you. Team work helps to set sails as well as in manoeuvers to enter into ports. The Paris Jardin de Luxembourg (image below) allows training of parts of these competencies from an early age on and into old age as well. The physics of power and capsizing are part and parcel of sailing as well just as much as rules for crossing course, of course.

30/08/202628/08/2026

Gay science 2026

This is an intended test of the translation and contextual interpretation competence of various AI-systems in the year 2026. The Anglo-American translation of the “Fröhliche Wissenschaft“ with Gay science could nicely be interpreted as being in line with the original intention by Nietzsche of ambiguity in his aphorisms. Langer (2010) had chosen this translation knowing that in the 21st century the term gay as adjective had shifted from primarily being meaning cheerful, showy, bright or careless to the noun of gay ( mostly men) as a community. In her introduction Langer (2010) discusses the Aphorisms of gay science beyond the simple view of “postcard-like” ephemeral thoughts of a traveler. Whereas Allison (2001) reads the aphorisms as a “dynamic play of multiple and continually changing appearances”. Langer is more inclined to follow Schacht’s (1988) perspective that “we have much more than the disjointed collection of reflections and aphorisms which it may at first glance appear to be”. The art in Nietzsche’s writing is the “surface disorderliness” which “conceals its fundamental coherence” (cited after Langer 2010, pp. xiii-xiv). The contextual interpretation à la Stegmaier (2012) of only the 5th book of the Gay science spans 646 pages in text plus very informative name and concept registers as a blending of mind maps of Nietzsche’s as well as Stegmaier’s contextual and conceptual thinking. Both Stegmaier and Krochmalnik (1997) have contributed individually and jointly to a “rehabilitation” attempt of Nietzsche towards the end of the 20th century and a lasting continuation of “gay science”.

29/08/202628/08/2026

“what” and “how” in consulting

The scope of both “what” and “how” to consult have been considerably enlarged in the 2020s. The rise of the internet and digital formats in consulting have put an indigestible amount of mostly well-intended advice to the public at large. Language barriers are coming down in the digestion of ever broader as well as more interdisciplinary forms of knowledge. The “what” in consulting seems to be endless and yet the expectations on advanced expertise have risen as well. The calls for easy language summaries, as provided and popular with generative AI, pose a challenge to consulting on more interrelated or “messy” problems. The broad availability of AI in our pockets, watches or glasses amplify the potential to address really tough issues in consulting leaving the easy advice to the machines repairing other machines. Consulting may then focus on human interaction which needs to fix norms and guidelines in moral and practical matters. Consulting might take much more the form of interpretation and contextualization of information beyond simple information gathering. The “how” in consulting is conditional on “what” is the issue in question. From the antique dialog over (medieval) confessions (Stegmaier, Fuerst 1993) and book writing, we have moved to digital formats with textual, vocal and visual formats (Image and video). Hybrid formats enrich the consulting experience for the persons asking for advice as well as those offering it. (Image: Consulting on what and how to plant in city streets 2026-8 Paris)

28/08/202627/08/2026

Philosophy in consulting

What has consulting to do with philosophy? How much philosophy in consulting? If we think of business consulting, there is very little philosophy in most of it. Some ethical considerations might enter the consulting with respect to mass lay-offs, ethical considerations in supply chains or handling waste. The philosophy of consulting, however, deals with one of the oldest philosophical practices (Stegmaier 1993). Since Plato and Socrates the dialogue of persons is at the foundation of philosophy. Throughout the history of philosophy the dialogue as the basis of exchanging ideas and controversies can be regarded as a philosophical practice particularly if it deals with topics beyond daily concerns. The consulting by philosophers has taken the form of speeches as well as book publications. Marc Aurel or Montaigne have written famous accounts of their consulting advice to political leaders. Rousseau for education or Kuhn for science have been influential with their philosophy intended as consulting beyond the inter-individual, dialogue-oriented form. The dialogue with a reader used to be rather exclusive until the invention of the printed press. Apelt introduced the “ethics of discourse” followed by a theory of communicative action (Habermas). Even modern governance structures “incorporate” committees as institutionalized consulting to advice with multiple and at best diverse perspectives as guidelines to persons in leadership positions. In order to counterbalance individual leadership of prime ministers, judges or university presidents, institutionalized internal consulting has been implemented (Stegmaier 1993). Consulting resistant leaders probably had some of the worst fates if we think of Julius Caesar. Seeking advice is only one side of the coin. Giving advice is the other one. Now we leave the “why” of philosophy in consulting and move to the questions of “what” and “how” to consult.

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Emotional paradox

Notre-Dame Organ

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