Schoemann – Research Teaching Consulting

09/05/202607/05/2026

Psych-inflation

The economic narrative and measurement of inflation is incomplete without the proper account of the psychology of the price building process and mechanisms. After the 2 previous oil-crises of 1973 and 1979, the panic about not having enough oil and derivatives within the coming months, has lead to prices increases almost instantly. Despite the fact that there is enough oil floating on ships and in pipelines for 3-6 months, depending on estimates, the psychological effect of being eventually short of oil creates “Psych-inflation”. Oil markets use the “Angst of disruption” to make additional profits on people and enterprises’ hoarding behavior. There are powerful interests to exploit such potential shortages as it is a suitable time to reap some extra profits, particularly for those who knew early about a likely military conflict.

07/05/202606/05/2026

Light Locomotion

There are many politicians who have an innate tendency to move in the direction of any flash light or camera. Tenagers in the age of the “not-so-social media” have a similar reflex. More seriously, Science Advances, has presented a fully autonomous robot with such a behavior. In fact this form of light locomotion is named the “twirlbot”. It has been developed by Chi Chen et al. (2026) as a new kind of robot that can be directed using light impulses, as only energy source for moving towards the light source. The from of locomotion is inspired by nature (bionics) and more precisely the “tumbleweed” way of moving, better rolling forward, driven by wind energy. The tumbleweed-inspired rolling robot, short “twirlbot”, does not need mechanical devices, just energy in a specific frequency range of light, which provides the heat for the photoactive, otherwise passive, bilayer strips. The polyhedral geometry of the twirlbot allows omni-directional locomotion. It really resembles the light active politician or any posing in the spotlight while doing the “loco-motion” (Video Link performance by “Little Eva” in the early 60s or a late 80s version by Kylie Minogue).

06/05/202605/05/2026

Random randomness

In textbooks or courses of statistics, just as ordinary experiences with throwing a dice, we assume the perfect dice. This means the dice is assumed to have equal probabilities to roll on each side. Further, each throw of the dice of a sequence has an independent equal chance for each number to come up. To determine a “fair” dice we would throw the dice a thousand times to check, whether the probability of each side is about equal. However, the world of dices is not perfect and temporary or persistent margins of deviation are part of the real world. The weekly lotteries demonstrate this over and over again. Playing around with different shapes of dices makes the issue of probability tangible. Well worth to explore further empirically as well as a topic for inspiration of new approaches to learning about statistics. (Image: Dices produced by “devinsdice” Berlin 2026-5-5)

05/05/202604/05/2026

Family Archaeology

The archaeology of family bonds is an interesting branch of both archaeology and genealogy. The mixing of hunter-gather populations with settled populations seems a rather ancient fact (study link). Analytical DNA comparisons reveal that nearby groups had indeed contact and even intermarriage occurred more than 5.000 years ago (Mattila et al. 2026). The evidence is based on data from a cemetery where several persons were buried in the same grave.
The study by Blöcher et al. (2026) demonstrates that in the late phases of the Roman empire along the Roman frontier in Germany a mixing of Romans with local populations a similar process took place. Whereas genetic structures persisted until the 6^th century, the Central European genome as we know it today refers back to the 7^th century. The inter-generational transmission seems to be an important driver of diversity. The high infant mortality together with an earlier mortality of women than men at that time show the accomplishments of modern medicine to safe infants and mothers from the hazards surrounding family formation and survival.

04/05/202604/05/2026

Given then Chosen

Family is first given and only later in life family becomes a matter of choice. This is a rather sequential perspective on family matters. A lot of ethnological as well as sociological research shows that the shadow of the given family can reach long into an individual’s later life. It is essential to be or become aware of the mutability of what constitutes a family. The ethnological variability across the globe of the norms and legislation that govern families is amazingly broad. The interference of religious beliefs and practices have always attempted to gain access to the nucleus of family life as an attempt to influence the “given part” of family.
It is a much more complex issue to understand and research the “chosen part” of partnership trajectories in a broader sense and from a life course perspective (Fasang et al. 2024). The social background and upbringing in a broad sense have a lasting impact on most people. However, there are enormous degrees of freedom to later on choose your friends, family or families. Societies across continents have chosen and invented particular rites of transitions between families and how to bridge networks. It is amazing that we tend to devote so little thought to this nucleus of our societies.

03/05/202604/05/2026

Pictures at an exhibition

The playlist on Spotify, which accompanies the exhibition “Unforgettable” in Ghent, is an interesting extension of the unforgettable artists into today and tomorrow. You may be inclined to share your opinion in the way Maria Iskariot does it in “Dat find ik lekker” or more like Sophie Straat in “Dansen met de dood”. Anyway, women artists are coming front stage and this is great news despite all the backlashes we, unfortunately, witness in the 2020s. The curator of the playlist Murielle Scherre has managed to take us, a bit like the exuberant Modest Mussorgsky in his “Pictures at an exhibition”, beyond the marvelous exhibition rooms to a broad exploration of contemporary women artists’ world of imagination in music, visuals and songs. A great intergenerational accomplishment.

02/05/202601/05/2026

Forgotten but Unforgettable

Many women painters and artists who worked during the 17^th and first half of the 18^th century have been forgotten until recently. The galleries of the time and many years later gave little attention to the women artists of that time. Most of them were relegated to be of minor importance in the course of art history. The exhibition of the Museum of the Fine Arts Ghent in Belgium has accomplished to rectify this place of women painters in art history. The fine pieces of art, ranging from painting to sculptures, were frequently signed by men, probably to achieve higher market values and become visible in the public sphere at all at their time.
The exhibition is a kind of a revelation of how difficult it was for women to move from an “object of art” to be the subject painting including painting themselves. This also dealt with the view or regard of others towards women. Additionally, the exhibition features a section on “Social Expectations”, which deals with the expectations of the Flemish and Dutch societies towards women. Family values, marriage, wealth and social status were of utmost importance.
These women painters were forgotten far too long, but have staged their comeback as “Unforgettable” in the 21^st century.
(Image: “Pictura at an exhibition” taken in the MSK Ghent 2026-4)

01/05/2026

Jobs First

The Berlin demonstration of the 1st of May has chosen to put „Jobs First“. Jobs before profits is a widely accepted claim by trade unions to highlight the importance of work in our societies. Particularly in times of robots and AI taking jobs away, this motto is well chosen as a principal risk in 2026. The current technological innovations seem to aim primarily at the maximization of profits for companies rather than the benefits for society as a whole. The Berlin parade on the 1st of May managed to achieve a great mobilization, which is a great success for the labor movement and a demonstration of power and solidarity when in many countries basic employment rights and even the 1st of May as a social tradition is attacked.

30/04/202627/04/2026

Mobile Web Search

The smartphone is ruling the internet. This is probably a well-known wisdom in 2026. Just looking at the basic statistics of which browser people use to contact this webpage, it is evident that Chrome is vastly dominating search on the internet. Even the mobile version of Safari outnumbers the desktop browser access. Information gathering, viewing and reading have all moved from the desktop to the handheld smartphone, and maybe our glasses or wristwatches in the near future. For those still programming or designing webpages, the choice of “mobile access and functionality first” is an obvious choice for business, and even more so, for leisure purposes, like it or not.
Some parts of this evolution of search behavior are quite obvious, as we are more erring around cities like Paris, Berlin or Brussels than searching in front of our desktops or notebooks.

29/04/202628/04/2026

AI data Input

If you ever wondered where the information from AI and AI chatbots comes from, you will not be surprised that this webpage schoemann.org is regularly solicited for such purposes. The number of crawlers, that do so, is quite large. The ability to trace what exactly they are harvesting on your website, is quite a tricky issue. At least a basic awareness of how the internet has been transformed in the last few years becomes evident through the comparison of unique visits, many through search engines like Google search or others, with the amount of contacts by AI-associated crawlers (see slide from own webpage below).
During he last month up to 2026-4-27 there were about 75.000 contacts, compared to 93.000 during the previous month.
At first sight, AI chatbots have largely outnumbered the “personal visits” of my webpage (see evaluate web analytics). On the other hand, I have no information of how many visits are, (at least potentially) re-directed hints from AI chatbots to my content.
In terms of “traffic” for a webpage, the information of how the AI-driven or AI-assisted search operates with other persons’ contributions will be the challenge of the coming years. If AI chatbots had to pay 10 cents per visit, I would have a comfortable pay every month from this content use. The issue of AI paying for access to reliable and high quality content has to be dealt with sooner rather than later. You may prompt a chatbot on this issue.
Meanwhile: My New Book on AI is out Now 2026-4-28:
“AI and Social Science: Potentials versus Limitations” by Dr. Klaus Schoemann, online reading and free download (here) before implementation of Paywall later on.

28/04/202627/04/2026

Evaluate Web analytics

An own webpage “schoemann.org” allows to gain interesting insights into the skills needed for the internet era and the security as well as cost structures for running such a business endeavour. Taking stock of basic web analytics, therefore, should be on the agenda from time to time. Towards the end of April 2026, it is about time to look into some simple statistics again. The host of this webpage offers access to some anonymous statistics (see below). The number of daily or weekly visits of the webpage are suitable to get a basic idea about frequencies of visits. Average daily visits are still below 1000 daily visits, but there are peaks of 3000+ and even 5000+.
Whereas the distribution across weekdays (no peaks on weekends, correlation with bad weather not tested yet ;-)) is rather random compared over months. However, the topics which received most attention are do not seem to be random. In 2026-4 the most attention has been raised with “Abduction of Europa”, followed by a brief entry on “Confessions” a philosophical topic in a broad sense (Stats below 2026-4-27. Next in popularity are 2 entries of my scientific “fail collection” which reflect on take-home-messages from the “Flop exhibition”, quite topical in combination with the 40^th commemoration of the Chernobyl nuclear reactor explosion and pervasive contamination across Eastern Europe.
(Image: Page visits between 2026-3-29 to 2026-4-27 compared to month before same year)

27/04/202626/04/2026

Gone fishing

There are still many persons who on a weekend put up a sign on the door: “Gone fishing”. We are of course curious what these people are really up to. The reduction of fish in the sea and rivers has become a real problem across the planet. Overfishing is a policy issue and fishing quotas have taken hold of most fishing waters. The past time or hobby of fishing is very different from the industrial form of fishing. The preservation of the environment has a high priority in the very own interest of being able to fish in future. Simply watching a person fishing in the sea gives the impression that time is passing at a different pace.

26/04/202624/04/2026

Autonomous Robot

We have been used to computers beating the average chess player and even the best players. In 2026-4 the journal “Nature” published the documentation of an autonomous robot (Ace) winning the occasional game against top-level Japanese table tennis players. Peter Dürr et al. (2026) described the robotics challenge as constructing a robot that can match the human capability and reaction time of “fast, precise and adversarial interactions near obstacles”. The high speed perception of movement is coupled with event-based vision and builds on AI-algorithms like reinforcement learning. The step ahead is remarkable.
About 50 years ago, as coach in table tennis we used a machine or robot throwing balls towards us which moved from left to right in timed routine, for example. These simple robots we used to train humans. Now the robot is reactive and even interactive, learning from strategies and tactical moves. Technology can outperform us in most singular tasks in 2026. The combination of several of these skills is still quite unique to humans, but the clock is ticking for human singularity in technical matters. What was considered a “false good idea” in the Paris exhibition “Flops” at the Musée Arts et Metiers (see image below), might be an interesting response to challenge the new generation of autonomous robots.

25/04/202624/04/2026

Individualism and beyond

For many social and political scientists it is interesting to look into the origins of our present day individualism. In a permanent drive to learn more about ourselves, millions of persons on social media try to visualize primarily themselves in different roles and life situations. Saint Augustine was the first philosopher who exposed his own personality and past choices of pleasures on earth in a journal like fashion named “Confessions”. Isn’t this what every person is somehow doing on facebook, tiktok or instagram? Thousands of entries deal with persons succumbing to earthly pleasures. Saint Augustine writes about his own very personal experiences and this invention of “the individual path” to philosophical, spiritual, religious ideas and convictions makes him a milestone in the history of ideas.
Maybe the original version of the text is further advanced than the Christian AI chatbot that has recently been released, because Saint Augustine proposes in the last paragraph of the Confessions 3 questions and finally 2 sentences to close his journey into his philosophical and religious mind.
(Image: Saint Augustin & Saint Monique, by Jean Boedts on Confessions Book 9, Ch. 10 on his mother dying, Church Saint Augustin, Brussels Altitude 100)

24/04/202623/04/2026

Learning through Confessions

In the original text of the Confessions by Saint Augustine there is an interesting testimony to his personal learning style. He hated learning Ancient Greek as child, apparently mainly due to the strict teaching style, which obliged him to learn Greek and punishment for being less interested as a child (Book 1 Chapter 13). However, he explains the predilection for Latin in language and grammar in later childhood and adolescence through the encouraging teaching style. Saint Augustine has reflected on his own learning style, put it in words in order to answer primarily to himself on what made him learn. The rhetoric style, which he applied rather consistently throughout his confessions, is build around the continuous questioning of his own past behavior and convictions. This is a kind of internalised conversation, which in the Greek tradition, was centered around dialogues with other persons as in the Socratic dialogues. The questions beyond the rhetoric style are also the beginning of a learning process even if the outcome might be open and in modern times a lot of new answers have been contributed through scientific methods and continuous discourse. Multilingualism was already a practice more than 2000 years ago for the young Augustine of Hippo.

23/04/202622/04/2026

Writing to yourself

Over more than 2000 years, humans have written in various forms about and to themselves. The “Meditations” by Marcus Aurelius are one of the earliest and finest example of this tradition. Originally, the intention was to write something we call “journaling” today. Out of a motivation to understand yourself, others, your relationship with others and society’s evolution, Marc Aurel drafted in Ancient Greek (a kind of elite or secret code for his Latin-speaking contemporaries) originally with no intention to address larger audiences. The French translations and publications in 2026 still use as title for the Meditations “Pensées pour moi-même” (Τὰ εἰς ἑαυτόν). The kind of “inner dialogue”, or dialogue with yourself as a literary form, has become a philosophical tradition.
Roger-Pol Droit (2008) ascribes a similar literary style in his introduction to the “Confessions” by Saint Augustine in a recent French edition. In moving from a culture of oral traditions to a reading and writing tradition in Europe, the style of reflections about oneself and others shifts more and more to the printed formats. Originally reserved to some happy few, modern techniques of contemporaneous recording of sound and video enlarge the possibilities of input through transcriptions, editing, storage as well as analysis of own input.
The possibilities for a democratization of reflections of our own experiences have increased, and yet, AI might jump in very quickly to some already pre-established truths about ourselves in analyzing this data, which might be hard to fend off.

22/04/202621/04/2026

Agentic AI Gardening

The use of AI is probably most popular for professional purposes as efficiency and economic productivity are major concerns in these fields of applications. Another whole lot of applications is rapidly developing as well, which is Agentic AI in hobbies like gardening. The use of IT in gardening has previously been reserved to landscape designers and maybe urban to rural planners. Cheap access to AI on a test basis or within your browser has widened access to computer and AI assistance for gardening purposes. Colorful designs and selection of species to enrich biodiversity are widely available now. The next step is, of course, agentic use of AI. If we have a sufficient number of sensors installed (and use weather forecast data as well), the data from the garden can easily be analyzed by AI and the mower or water pump can get going to do the job for us. This is not rocket science but only sensors, data and a couple of “if …, then” commands. The kind of pleasure will have changed accordingly shifting from the watering of plants to the satisfaction of successful programming. No value judgement here. The latter option has, however, a considerable business potential of almost industrial or agro-economic scale.

21/04/202620/04/2026

Gardening Evolution

Researchers continue to study the impact of gardening on biodiversity and survival of insects. The study published by Tscharntke, Batáry and Vidal (2026) points our attention to the importance of areas in our gardens that are allowed to grow without mowing for several years. In many traditional gardening projects even in the 21^st century, we observe a cut of grass-shoots in fairly regular time intervals, once a months for example. An English style lawn will be cut very short even more often than this. If we want to allow for an evolution of gardening and regaining biodiversity, we shall have to reserve substantial areas of a garden to allow grass-shoots to grow over several years (!). Such an evolution might be perceived in 2026 a bit like a revolution in gardening. Untidy spots are a response to “the need for unmown long-term refuges, protecting intact grass shoots for persistent insect populations” (Tscharntke et al. , 2026). The tree “Cercis siliquastrum” (Judas-tree) in the “Jardin des Plantes” in Paris dates back to 1785 and shows the impressive strength of nature to outlast changing gardening fashions even in a hotspot of gardening culture, history and evolution. Grass-shoots below might be allowed to last a couple of years as well.

20/04/202619/04/2026

Abduction of Europa

In reading Ovid’s metamorphoses we learn about all those mythical transformations of persons into animals (Jupiter into a bull) or persons into plants (Narcissus into a flower carrying his name). Maybe even today we have Europa being captured again by a bull or bulls that try to take away the freedom of movement and expression from her. The threats have multiplied, but the defensive forces of Europe have risen as well. The power of Europe might simply consist in the charming nature, which outlasts brutal force of the bulls, at least in the long run. A ride on the bull, however, can be tough at times and preparing for a tough ride should start as early as possible. Currently there are too many bulls around to feel safe otherwise. (Image: Europa sculpture on display at Chateau Chantilly).

19/04/202617/04/2026

Before and After

It is not always easy to precisely identify the state of before a transformation from the state of after a transformation. In human developments we can observe lengthy periods of for example puberty. Other transformations of biological changes might be more obvious to identify like a broken bone, but a broken heart transformation might be less obvious as it might occur gradually and progressively rather than abruptly. Much the same can be said about illnesses like diabetes or cancer. The task of science is to study the whole process and this includes the theoretical model of such transformations. The arts have dealt with this complexity before and many artifacts take care to show or make explicit the kind of transformation they have undergone. The woodwork by Birkenmaier (before 1687, in catalog of Metamorphosis exhibition, Amsterdam 2026. Image below) is an early example of being honest about original piece and the evolution of the piece of art into the transformed “oeuvre”.

18/04/202617/04/2026

Metamorphosis

In the antique writings of Ovid “Metamorphosis” there is an extensive description and mystery about the metamorphosis of several characters. The narrative about various forms of metamorphosis has influenced our perception of change as having a mystic component. The arts before the enlightenment have drawn lots of sceneries of metamorphoses across the centuries. Maybe in form of sculpture this narrative has continued to be present even into the 20th century. The exhibition at the Rijksmuseum in Amsterdam and the essays in the catalog testify to this long shadow of Ovid’s original narrative. No need to mention Kafka as another adept of “Verwandlung” or Rodin, who reveals persons as semi-detached from stone. Wood and the return to ashes shows us the come and go of metamorphosis of human beings. Imagining mankind as a sequence of metamorphoses is a metaphysical as well as sociological perspective of our presence on our planet. (Image: Daphne transformed into a Laurel tree, Bernard Salomon, 1557).

16/04/202615/04/2026

Electric ships

The transformation of mobility to an all electric mobility has been discussed mainly with regard to a narrow vision of the automotive sector. Beyond land based vehicles like lorries, buses, cars and bicycles or electrification of trains, shipping has been a niche market of the all electric society. The amateurs of silent shipping, sailing and surfing have explored and adopted the electric alternatives for quite some time. The professional ferry boats and river crossings have also opportunities to join the all electric society with a range of ships available for orders like from “Ampereship”. The increasing share of electric fun on water and electricity-propelled ships gives additional drive to the “All-electric-society”.

15/04/202614/04/2026

Switch off

We have many associations with the imperative “switch off”. Depending on your background or state of mind, you might associate “to switch off” with a mental state, i.e. to calm down. Instead of buzzing about, juggling with multiple projects or deadlines at the same time, the reduction on a few major preoccupations can be achieved through a switch-off. In electrical engineering the switch, as switch-off or switch-on, is a key component of electrical circuits. In programming languages a key element is the switch implemented as an “if-condition” in form of “do if X=True”, in its easiest form.
Let us develop a social science corollary of a theoretical concept of “switch-off”. At times of energy shortages the switch-off option becomes an often overlooked or discarded option. Switch-off an engine to lower overall consumption of energy is a very powerful mechanisms. We do this manually by switching off lights, or as programmed or AI-assisted versions in modern homes. States might impose the switch-off of street lights or loud music after certain hours. In an energy crisis the switch-off option needs to be moved to center stage again as any MegaWattHour not consumed does not have to be (1) produced, (2) moved to local provision and (3) distributed. Additionally there is (4) less waste that has to be taken care of. Hence, the switch-off option is a fourfold win-win-win-win-situation. Who cares about this option as all 4 kinds of savings do not increase a standard measure of GDP in an economy? Broader social science perspectives may offer precious indications that “less can be more“.

14/04/202613/04/2026

AI Motion Sculpture

At the Festival Noûs in Paris, the collaboration of AI with artists was a major event. Based on the huge collections of the BNF in form of data bases it is possible to join the 3 worlds of library conservation, technological innovation like AI and the imagery of artists. In the preparation of the exhibits and the parallel documentation of the genesis of the exhibits of the artists, the creative potential and process becomes more evident and understandable to broader audiences. The exhibit by Tobias Gremmler, Anatomy of Motion (2026 see below), captures the motion of a dancing body in a sculpture based on a 3D printing of a series of images blended into each other. with a fast photography camera, known from sports images previously, the dynamics of a motion become a tangible sculpture. The intriguing new form is in fact a motion that has been captured or has cristalized or materialized in a permanent fashion. New technologies and materials enter into art as they offer new ways of expression as well. The collection of art and documentation centers shall enter into new phases as well. (Image: Tobias Gremmler, Anatomy of Motion (2026) at BNF 2026-4).

13/04/202612/04/2026

Mind mapping

The exhibition in Paris on “Cartes imaginaires” at the BNF regroups treasures of maps across centuries in an interesting way. The technique of putting together elements in a map has been developed and refined over long time spans. Map are mostly in our minds as depictions of geographical details allowing a broader overview amidst lots of detail. The mind mapping of today as a managerial or pedagogical tool is not much different even if AI might make is believe that it is a modern tool. The exhibit of “The island of Marriage” (image below BNF, “Cartes imaginaires”) in the middle of lots of distractions and potential distractions has a particular charm to it as it tells many tales and storylines for writing lives and novels. Our own lives or the depiction of life courses might be represented in a single map, maybe even comparable to a sequence analysis of events. The history and potential of maps and lives as mind maps is going to accompany us for quite some time as it already did for centuries.

12/04/202611/04/2026

Critique of Maps

From a sociological perspective on maps we learn for example, that maps are also instruments to reflect property rights. This can be past claims of imperialism or recent claims of independence. A depiction as a map has historical and societal implications. Superposition of maps according to political, cultural or linguistic communities often reveal contested areas of domination and liberation movements. The specialized field of the history of maps can sharpen the senses for a critical view of maps in the 21st century. (Image: Brankiza Zilovic, Nusquama 1984 exhibition “Cartes imaginaires’ BNF Paris).

11/04/202610/04/2026

Fact and Fiction on Maps

As a matter of fact, for centuries maps have played in both registers, fact and faction. In geography we expect maps to represent geographical facts, and yet based on a historical perspective on the subject, we realize that early cartographers had to brush over, at their time unknown, territories. What did many of them do? They imagined what could be the case.
In the early days of “creating a map” the artists had to rely on some sort of fiction or were intentionally creating a fictive image of the unknown world. Out of this “science and fiction” approach, a whole discipline of literature has evolved, science-fiction. The imagery of Manga-mania in the 2020s owes a lot to this drawing and mapping of fiction in form of stories.
Maps tell lots of stories. They are powerful in their neurological function, similar to mind maps that are a tool to structure our thoughts or story lines. The gesture to point at an area on a map of the Arctic, Greenland for example, can send shivers across the globe. Maps make stories and stories may lead (eventually) to shifts of attribution on maps. In the same vein: the mapping of power also reflects the power of maps, be they based on facts or fiction.
(Image: Exhibition: Cartes imaginaires, BNF Paris 2026-4-8, Gerardus Mercator, Map of North Pole 1595)

10/04/202609/04/2026

Interests in failures

Decades or centuries after a successful or unsuccessful innovation, an evaluation of the reasons and circumstances of a temporary or permanent failure is informative. In the energy sector we observe another round of a power play in 2026. The more decentralized energy production and energy consumption models have been quickly put aside shortly after the oil crises of 1973 and 1979. The innovations using wind energy or solar energy of the 1980s have been discarded and were commonly considered as failures to provide cheap and reliable energy. An open international economy with expanding global markets for energy were perceived as a superior conventional solution. A country’s balance sheet of imports of energy and exports of higher value goods and services was the predominant economic rational and standard knowledge of the mainstream theory of trade. Other solutions, like a distributed “prosumer” model of energy might have ecological benefits, but would not show up in national GDP-statistics as a large part is home-produced energy and not accounted for in statistical measures of GDP, just like the home produced meals, health and care provided by mostly women. Societies, however, have a choice and an obligation to evaluate the interests in failures as economic and social development hinges on it in the medium to long run.